Japan is home to a diverse range of hot springs baths, each offering a unique experience based on its location, style, and cultural traditions. From open-air pools overlooking breathtaking landscapes to secluded private tubs, here are some of the most common types of onsen baths found throughout the country:
Indoor baths are the most frequently encountered type of onsen. They range from traditional wooden baths to sleek, modern pools, and from intimate single-person tubs to grand communal bathing halls. Many public baths and ryokan feature indoor onsen as their main facility.
Outdoor baths provide an immersive experience in nature, allowing bathers to relax while enjoying the surrounding scenery. Some rotenburo are completely exposed to the elements, while others have partial enclosures for privacy. These baths are especially popular in mountainous and coastal regions, where stunning views enhance the experience.
Though increasingly rare, mixed-gender baths can still be found in more traditional or remote areas. Historically, communal bathing was common in Japan, but today, most onsen are gender-separated. In mixed-gender baths, some facilities provide special towels or bathing wear to maintain modesty.
For those who prefer a more private setting, many ryokan and onsen facilities offer private baths that can be reserved for families, couples, or individuals. These baths are ideal for those who are shy about communal bathing or for groups who wish to enjoy the onsen together. Private baths may require an additional fee and are typically available for a limited time per session.
Ashiyu are shallow hot spring baths designed specifically for soaking the feet. They are commonly found in onsen towns, along streets, and in public areas, often available free of charge. These provide a relaxing break for travelers exploring the area.
Waterfall baths feature streams of hot spring water falling from above, creating a natural massaging effect on the shoulders and back. This type of onsen is particularly popular in larger bathing complexes and is believed to help relieve muscle tension.
Sand baths are a unique onsen experience where bathers are buried up to their necks in naturally heated sand. The warmth from the geothermal activity promotes circulation and relaxation. After about 10 to 20 minutes, bathers rinse off and enter a regular hot spring bath. Notable locations for sand baths include Ibusuki and Beppu.
Steam baths, often found in volcanic regions, utilize natural hot spring steam instead of water. These may be enclosed rooms or single-person steam boxes, where only the head remains outside. Similar to saunas but with higher humidity, steam baths are known for their detoxifying effects.
Mud baths are rare and feature either entire pools filled with mineral-rich mud or tubs where bathers apply mud to their skin. The minerals in the mud are believed to have exfoliating and skin-rejuvenating properties. Some well-known mud bath locations include Kirishima, Beppu, and Goshogake.
Beyond bathing, onsen water is utilized in various ways:
